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71) Christmas (2)

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... and here, as promised by Smiley ...
the second part of Christmas time .. and .. although for the last hundred years




Christmas was celebrated in most families still happily Around 1900. could
The city had developed from a farming town to a small industrial city next to the affluent middle class emerged a self-conscious working class, which also have a degree of prosperity.
of the census of 12.01.1900 Mühlhausen had 33 428 inhabitants. The population had thus almost tripled over 1850.



was now in many families the advent calendar mode, however, was initially provided only with colorful pictures behind the festivals.
lyrics .. ".. .. Tomorrow's children will give you something" ever voted one for Christmas.
The severe winter and the abundant snowfall affected, according to the Chronicle of forest operations, but there were still Christmas trees to buy.

done in the following years a further improvement of economic conditions and the new shops at the Steinweg now has the most varied goods offered.



Christmas was usually celebrated with the whole family, but in 1914, it was only then once over .. with the family idyll, the First World War began and many fathers were recovered.
The soldiers of the new turn of military barracks came to the Western Front. By the end of the year reached 350 then came back wounded.
In the following years were conscripted thousands Mühlhäuser and hundreds wounded were then placed in the various auxiliary military hospitals of the city, where they received for Christmas from home small gifts Women's Federation.



on the front lines in the East and West was indeed Christmas "celebrated", but "peace on earth .." looked somewhat another way ..
Even in the First World War there have been post-box packages, but many families had little that they could send to the front. was



the popular gingerbread man Christmas then it will soon no longer and in the last years of the war had many mothers with their children starve.
the Christmas cake could not afford hardly anyone had yet been the bread and potatoes are stretched.
All food was rationed and were also potatoes and turnips only on allotment.
came in last year's war in Mühlhausen demonstrations, in which the women demanded more bread for their starving children. With

the war were not yet solved the problems of course. For Christmas, the gas company ceased production by year end. The returning veterans were used in part for relief work.


The twenties were again marked by ups and downs.

inflation and recession could impoverish many families.
Many businesses went bankrupt, so that many war veterans had no more work.
But the Christmas season was celebrated even in the poorest families.
Well .. that Black Peter was probably only get the addresses of the wealthy families .., but a small Christmas tree stood still in each house.



The offer had improved gradually, but often, the children could only look at the new toy in the window and the name was not always fulfilled.
But it could finally be celebrated with the Famlie.

The thirties brought to a large extent the end of unemployment .., .. but at what price

were created for us in new barracks and arms factories and the new "national community" now there was the Nazi ideology .. While it was
Christmas even Karl May books for the boys and "Ranger Puck" for the girls, but also books like ".. .. for a light and flag" or "people without space" it was soon.



civil
Just as in these pictures, we went soon not in all families.

From the age of ten boys and girls wore the uniforms of the young people and the young girl aged 14 years, the federal government and the Hitler Youth and BDM-uniform.

".. High night, the bright stars ..." was now sung, and recalled the solstice fire of the Germans ..
Then came the Reich Labor Service (RAD) and the Armed Forces and who was very active, had the uniform of the SA and NSDAP.

were from 1939, then again, many mothers with their children alone.

During World War II, the fathers and sons marched through half of Europe.
From France came the post box at Christmas packages often with French specialties.

in 1941 but then warm socks and gloves for the soldiers in the Russian winter knitted and sent to the front.

The film "Request Concert" with Karl Raddatz and Ilse Werner was just like "Stukas" to the Nazi propaganda films were shown at Christmas time.

again "allowed" to the soldiers "Christmas war" far "celebration" of the home and the families.

Here are the soldiers of the Infanterieregimantes 86, which was stationed in the General Fuchs barracks and then as the 65th from the Görmarkaserne in Poland, France, was used in the Balkans and the Soviet Union and North Africa.



Many soldiers did not survive to the end Kries.

The bells of the radio transmitted "Christmas war" for the encirclement of Stalingrad 6.Armee trapped soldiers, were the death knell for many.

1945 .. the war ended, but misery and destruction and millions of deaths,

brought only a few, the real joy of Christmas.

Many had to flee from their homes, had no home and fought to survive.

And yet this time Christmas had special meaning ...

"peace on earth and goodwill toward men ...", was all a message that went on.

But the new peace was again disturbed. Mulhouse was from 1.7.45 to the Soviet Occupation Zone and the East and West became more and more distant from each other




In the GDR, then, socialism .. built as planned, but Christmas was celebrated still .., when were always empty and the churches over the years ..
.. Well, the Christmas trees were not always grade A ... and oranges, there were - if at all - just four weeks before Christmas ..

.. and raisins, etc. had on the Christmas cake to send the West relationship ..

.. but otherwise there was - almost - everything .. when it is time worried ..

In the fifties and sixties, then the first Christmas photos of family, Siegmar, Michael, Manuel, Andrew and Susan ...

First there was home-made tractor and trailer and a farm with a windmill ..

Then sometimes even a tractor with a homemade crane ..

.. and then .. a PIKO railway system, went on the three trains independently.

.. and of course, sweets, gingerbread, etc., etc. ...

.. Andreas always knew where it was to get what ..

The Arches was then a rarity, the in the Christmas package for relatives in the West went. In return, there was the popular "West Package" with .. we still rareren Articles

But if there was something wrong in the package then, grabbed the package hard to control and confiscated goods are either not allowed or even the whole package.












addition to the various model railways in recent years at the end was still a mini-Christmas-plant (60 x 60 cm) with the N-gauge by pico on the two trains automatically in the exchange went ..

After the turn then everything was more colorful ..

What were rare or it was now in abundance ..

.. Chocolate Santas and gingerbread even in the fall ..

.. Na .. and the advent of course, were already filled ..

Christmas time .., ..

for us now is the time where the party once again celebrating with the family and the grandchildren and great grandchildren

.. a good time .. which also evokes some memories ...

... Smiley wants to end all Mulhouse friends and all readers of this page a happy, healthy and peaceful New Year 2011 ..

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70) Christmas (1)

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.. Christmas is coming ... and Smiley said .. as it ought to be something to report on the Christmas in Mulhouse and elsewhere, something ..





Christmas is since 4 Century as a celebration of the birth of Christ celebrated and laid in the Middle Ages on the day of the winter solstice.

Here were also some pre-Christian traditions (Gifts for Yule, etc.) taken.

Christmas we went to the midnight mass .. and at home there was the dinner and gifts for the children.


Mühlhausen had an average age of 16 churches and chapels.


The church with its all-determining certain Christian piety the daily run and was the center of religious life.


addition to the high Christian holidays such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost, there were still numerous festivals and holy days in honor of various saints who were especially celebrated in the Church anniversary.



The birth of Christ has been kept particularly in painting and in the nativity plays.

The early carols from the 15th Century included:

"It is a Ros'entsprungen .."

Special attractions were the Christmas market in Mulhouse, the three days on the held the upper or lower market to which dealers often came from far away.
The collage shows a fair St.Blasius in the church.






The Nikolai church was dedicated to St. Nicholas, on whose name day, 6 December, then Santa Claus came to the children and distributed gifts.
After the Reformation, was pushed back the veneration of saints and gifts, there was now the "holy Christ "on Christmas Eve or on Christmas Day.
Santa Claus but was then still further on December 6th to the children.




to Christmas time also formed the Kurrendesänger move that went from house to house, sang hymns and received small donations ..

The carol singing was held in Mulhouse from Christmas until the Feast of the Epiphany, until it was abolished 1692nd





from Christmas with Martin Luther .., a were image from the 19th century, which ran slightly ahead of the time .. because the Christmas tree is probably only since 16th-17th century in Germany ..

Luther also wrote the text for the still-popular Christmas song ..:

"high from the sky, I come here .."

The Martini Church was originally dedicated to St. Martin. After the Reformation, but was then celebrated as the birthday of Martin Luther Martin. attract the children still with lanterns through the streets.
To date, many places still maintain the tradition of Martin Gans, because according to legend, have warned the geese sollendie Martin of Tours by their loud chattering, as he wanted to catch the soldiers.

(.. in memory of this rescue, they end up in the oven ... now what Smiley somehow ungrateful place ..)







The 30-year-old war also brought in Mühlhausenzur Christmas hardship and misery .. well .. for the city, but especially for the villages in the free city of Mulhouse.

It was no matter what troops passed through here, was looted of all.

became so well in 1647 even Hollenbach by Swedish troops on Christmas Day "spoliert"

The economically bled city a few decades was affected later by the plague, at the time nearly half the population died. Several churches had also at Christmas time
remain closed and the members of plague victims were allowed to go only in the Church of St. James for the service. The plague victims were buried mainly in the All Saints churchyard.

ago, Johann Sebastian Bach warder Mühlhäuser Johann Rudolph Ahle (1625 - 1673) not only councilor, but also a well-known church musician, including the song ".. dear Jesus, we are here .. " wrote.

Later, then JS Bach 1707-1708 organist at the church and Lower Market from 1735 to 1737 was his son Johann Gottfried Bernhard Bach organist at St. Mary's Church.

Maybe the son even played here in 1734-completed parts from the Christmas Oratorio by JS Bach, but the council was pietistic his game ".. .. too loud, too playful .." , Just to state .. and so was also the son of the great composers were not long in Mulhouse.

In the 18th Century to normal life again, and also in Mulhouse in churches and at home now, the new Christmas song by John Falk, "O you merry, o you blessed, Merciful Christmastide time ...." sung.

From the Holy Infant Jesus Christ now became that of a beautiful angel heaven the children came and brought gifts.

But for many, the Christmas season was often filled with concern for their daily bread.

And the warm room was not everywhere a matter of course.

Since the children were often in the forest in order to obtain the necessary firewood.

course, there were in the Free imperial city was gathering wood for a regulation, the forest supervisor made sure that only small thin branches were collected.

Heating was at that time anyway just a room in which played out the whole family life.

If then had the baby Jesus may have indeed brought some gifts, was of course the great joy.

In the 19th Century Prussian Mühlhausen was then county, but especially to the middle of the century there were repeated economic crises, which particularly suffered under the poor.

But if there was any, the children were after the Christmas presents and there was what to eat special.

But there were plenty of bourgeois families who were able to celebrate with their children a merry Christmas.

And there were now nearly all the Christmas tree was still decorated with apples and nuts, pastries and sweets .. and of course .. with real candles

was often also the toy, which was offered at the Christmas market unaffordable for many.

As in this picture of Carl Michel went to on Christmas morning by the willows on the snowy ditch Petri Church.

.. The Christmas carol "Silent Night .., holy night ...." was the beginning of the 19th century emerged, and was soon singing everywhere.

of the gifts you could see it already, that Mulhouse was Prussian garrison town, as there were ever a helmet and a wooden sword for the little future Soldiers.







end of the 19th Century the time of the great cheesy Christmas cards and the first photographs of the Christmas and the children. Most
but the photos were then still at the photographer, for their own camera could afford only a few.
















Sun .., actually had in front of Smiley .. to show the Christmas time in 2010 .. but since the problems came about problems. . and then it was already Christmas Eve .. and now ..????

We make it easy for the first time a first part that goes only to 1900 ... and the second part just to finish after the holidays ..

So do not despair .. the period between 1900 and 2010 is still in a second part of the Christmas time ..

meantime I wish all friends of "Mühlhausen - history and more," a Merry Christmas .. and precaution, all the best for the new year 2011 ...

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69) town hall or synagogue .. ? .. (1)

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synagogue or town hall .. ?

.. .. A new question that arose with an article in the "Thüringer Allgemeine" on 09/04/2010 for Mühlhäuser historical research.

really a sensation, which was proclaimed as the article by Jürgen wall.
should be so according to the thesis of the amateur historian Roland length of the main building of the old town hall Mühlhäuser the time the largest and best preserved medieval synagogue in Europe have been.

a thesis, which seemed implausible from the start .. and was in an opinion from the city archive and the historical society also described as non-assignable.
also a thesis that might encourage, further insights into the winning history of our city.


Karsten Liesenberg had Mühlhäuser the contributions of "History of the Jews in Mulhouse ..." the origins of the Jews demonstrated in our city.
was so well populated in the Middle Ages from the beginning the Jews street (currently Jüdenstraße) by the Jews of the city. The Jews were "enemies of Christianity" marginalized and humiliated again and again. They were allowed to acquire land and hold a craft. They could just trade the money and business. Thus, already in Mühlhäuser imperial law book (in 1220) listed the Jews as money-lenders.


as "chamber servants" were subject to the Jews at that time directly to the royal protection and royal power were allowed, but not carry arms and were therefore not full legal capacity.
They had since 1215 a certain clothing - and who usually lived in certain streets Jews - the kaftan and the yellow Jewish hat.
The Jewish quarter in Mulhouse was on the border between the Old and New Town and, arguably, with the emergence of this New Town in the 12th - 13th century have been in response.


For the protection of Jews by the King, wanted for this special tax that Jews shelf.
in Mulhouse, the City of the king, should have been collected by this tax probably royal mayor. Nevertheless, it was
during the crusades and beyond, again and again to attacks against the "Christ killers" who were accused of host desecration and ritual murder.


The synagogues or prayer houses were then located in the Jewish quarter or in the Jewish street. In Erfurt in recent years in the 14 Century abandoned synagogue rediscovered and restored.
in Mulhouse was the Jewish synagogue very likely from the start in the middle of the Jewish quarter at the site of the later synagogue.

1349 was then murdered in Mühlhausen in Thuringia Pestprogrom addition to the other Jews, the Rabbi Eliezer, but whether that time was a synagogue here is not known. If so .., it was determined as the Erfurt synagogue desecrated or destroyed.
From 1370, there were some Jews again in Mulhouse, but in 1406 there were only six Jewish families in the city. In 1445 there were 11 Jewish families, and then since 1430 there was again a rabbi. As 1450 drew to new anti-Jewish wave through the country, in 1452 all the Jews of the city was captured, dispossessed and expelled.

The thesis of Roland Long, after the town hall was originally the Mühlhäuser Synagogue appears unlikely, since they can provide for me and the official opinion of the many insights into the early history of our city and to city hall, no concrete facts contrary.
follows is therefore a view of these findings to the Town Hall and a possible predecessor to be thrown.


had Well Mühlhausen as a palace city of the German kings and emperors once not a real town hall, but from the royal prefect or Vogt manages ... A state that went well but with the destruction of the imperial castle in 1256 to an end.
Here arises the question of where this royal administrators met and ruled. In the castle of the king .. or on a separate seat ..?
in Erfurt were detected as in the place of the old town hall old residential towers as the administrative seat of the Podestà, which were then integrated into the first town hall building.
now included the residential towers and bowers in addition to the churches and castles of the first massive structures in Germany, which were often built yet in terms of defensive ability with raised access.


to Mühlhäuser contributions, Issue 17, had Mahr Bernhard and Martin sinner, a possible residential tower as a predecessor to the Town Hall core structure is described.
For rehabilitation work on City Hall turned out that the area of today's wedding room in the original building obviously the ground floor of a residential tower was its north and south walls in masonry up to its roof area is detected. Through the archway built over - by now leads the Ratstraße - and the north wing was built, then the main building of the town hall. This was followed
then the western extension, which probably belonged to the previously mentioned "Knights Cellar" and later the south wing and the two north-west wing, which in my post No. 49 have been identified "700 Years of Mulhouse City Hall.


The sketch shows the Rathauskernbau from the south, with the obvious existing residential tower, which also apparently had a high-level access on the south side.
Together with the first Western production (the Knight basement) residential tower that could very well be a "solid farm" an important royal residence have been.

The elevated access of the residential tower on the south side, was then probably the beginning of the 13th century and the access to the council chamber on the upper level of the core structure.


received Rathauskernbau The elder then in the 14th Century, the western extension and the 15th Century on the east side of a building extension, which was used as town hall and chapel in the 16th Century, the cultivation of the south wing with today's town hall access. With this extension was the former south wall of the residential tower completely covered and can be recognized only to the inner parts of the building.




on an important predecessor to the Town Council also recalls the situation in the developing city. So this was
predecessor (R) at the interface between the old town, Neustadt and St.Jakobi. This was identified with the Tower as a royal administrative center and with the Rathauskernbau not only old and new towns connected by the Schwemmnotte but previously created a symbolic unifying power center for the royal city.

In issue 27 of the posts Mühlhäuser Peter Buehner had written about his investigation into the planning of medieval buildings in Mulhouse.
He showed that in the Middle Ages were arranged in several important buildings to Mulhouse trigonometric constructions (equilateral triangles). In addition to stage records, I could still numerous other assignments of structures according to this principle, determine the further insights into the chronological relationship of others brought.

shows an interesting design stage the Town Hall site as a vertex to the classification of the Church of St. James of the obviously older St.Blasiuskirche.
is now in the normal case, the apex often the second-oldest point of this arrangement, which classifies time in this case the City Hall site before the construction of the Church of St. James.
An allocation of the Church of St. James by Roland Lange suspected synagogue, however, is entirely of its time andenkbar.


An exact date something is possible even at the designs for the classification of the gates that were built either shortly before or soon after 1200 with the inner wall.
The red lines connecting the first goals have pretty much the location of the previous building as the intersection of City Hall and the blue at a right angle triangle connects the Görmartor with the Town Hall site and the somewhat later part Pfortentor. This is still on, that the baseline of this construction exactly parallel with the early line St.Georgi - St. Mary's runs - Burg.
So everything before the first mention of the town hall of 1310, but probably never be used as orientation for a Jewish synagogue.

Obviously, this principle is still a technological structure that connects the suburban churches with each other and as the intersection also has the Town Hall site.
Even if we assume this also could Zeitpunktnach 1310, is unthinkable in any case, a synagogue at this location at this time, as far as the recently publicized "Judeo-Christian roots" in those days not. .. On the contrary, Jewish discrimination and persecution of Jews held for a long time, also in Mulhouse.
If, Roland Lange writes that gapes 1300-1500 a gap in the historiography of the City Hall, he has indeed wrong in terms not on written evidence, but the numerous structural facts are speaking for the town hall and even an important former headquarters at this point.


This important position was still in time as a royal palace city of Mulhouse is also evident from the illustration, where the Rathausvorgängerbau not only the new and old parts of the city connects, but also for the classification of the gates early 13 Century was significant.


The illustration shows the city hall in the 14th Century. Links of the original core building and right next to the western extension of the middle of the century.
on the open sale of the northern arches open access to the council chamber upstairs.
1422 Chronicle reported the city that were classified by the big fire in the street and the Town Hall with Council and 1455 was then, according to the Council Cronik chapel (the eastern extension) built. A Christian chapel at the Jewish Sanagoge ..?

Roland Lange puts forward the question of Schwemmnotte in his article.
When Schwemmnotte was in the statutes of 1311 declared a deduction for the waste water, which concerned the whole downtown area well, where even the former Poppe Roeder Bach then the new names - led - just as Schwemmnotte.
After 1292 the broad brawn was led into the upper town, probably arose soon as opposite shows the road streams (light blue), which then led to the predominantly Schwemmnotte.
Also, most copies of the upper town (brown) were used as sewers resulted in the Schwemmnotte and although the first is already behind the pepper mill at Felchtaer the room.
had, especially in the lower town, the larger plots of land usually own house well and could well have existed on the north side of the old town hall building, which was even with the porch probably the trade, a well. 1747, then here in the courtyard of the still existing "Venetian fountain" was erected.
A year earlier (1746) reported the Chronicle that ", renovated, at the town hall of the sky and gemalet .." was. The assumption of many years, this ceiling painting dates from around 1330 is likely to be obsolete, since the wooden vault of the council chamber was not until 1367 consistently. The still existing ceiling painting with the four world empires of the ancient world, could however well be developed on the basis of earlier paintings.

Smiley is therefore once again confronted with the problem of old and new knowledge and old and new theories to reconcile,,,,
course it is always there, where concrete facts are missing, get new ideas and Certainly one should create new thoughts and ideas not just filed away ..
.. DerAutor has since .. his experiences in derVergangenheit, because everything that comes not from the elite group of official historians .., is considered not at first ..
.. or you dear reader, here are a commentary by the official Page .. read?
.. In general, the continuation of the Thuringian series of articles about the "lost synagogue" was announced ...
.. we were curious ... and, if necessary, will follow yet determined a part 2 of the post "synagogue or town hall ..??.."