Behind The Rebel Lines Summary For Chapter 1

68) Industrial development in Mühlhausen

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The development of the industry


Mühlhausen actually began in the Middle Ages with the numerous water mills, which were almost all work mechanized.

At the Unstrut on mill race, Poppe Röder the creek and lay on the broad brawn than twenty mills, of which a large part was used as a saw, paper, tan and powder mill, as well as spinning and Krämpelmühle.

At the end of the Saxons road was later paper mill that was operated in 1542 as an armor polishing mill, powder mill, she flew 1602 "with a loud bang in the air .." and then it was a fulling mill and from operated in 1829 as a paper mill, but served from 1852 as a woolen textile production.

With the introduction freedom of trade were the beginning of the 19th Century in Mulhouse several manufacturers and entrepreneurs of the textile factories.

Especially Famlie Lutterodt took several mills for the production of textiles. The spin machine took over a job right now. Was it 1817 1706 spindles were operated, their numbers increased in 1846 to 8366 spindles.

The pasture mill in today's game mountain road was already in the 18th Century long lease on the family Lutterodt. 1801 was used as a spinning mill and later as a mechanical weaving. Soon other mills were

how the pepper mill, the hemp sack mill and the field mill and the mill blades, equipped for the production of textiles

then 1859 was the first steam engine situated in Mulhouse and 1865 were already 20 companies converted to steam operation.

the coals still had to be taken by horse and wagon of Gotha, and only with the connection to the railway network in 1870 improved the transport critical in the early years.

were now more and more factories that took over the machine to work.

were driven mostly by the machine belts. The transmissions were often several factory facilities and were driven by the steam engine.

was often but in addition to mechanical processing also the manual labor in factories, for example in the assembly, etc.

Numerous previous craftsmen were now working in the factory.
was in the large companies now have a new hierarchy.

addition to the unskilled workers for simple jobs, there was the apprentice and the master, usually a department head. There was the office administrator, the design and the shipping department.

were particularly in the textile factories, numerous women, mostly against lower wage deals.

Various Holdings employed but continue to home workers, the simple work against piecework at home in exporting.



in various trades, such as in wood processing in the leather industry and the clothing industry, was the handiwork remains dominant.

, also with wood-processing factory on the Hill and Pabst Peter Steinweg, whose workforce can be seen on the adjacent picture.



was 1851, the leather manufacturer Friedrich Stephan founded his leather factory in Johannistal. In 1911 there were 10 tanneries in Mulhouse and 5 leather factories.
Mühlhäuser leather was a long time for his good Known quality, and so was the leather processing (shoemakers, saddlers, etc.) here represented.

Later operated as VEB leather goods factory, which is now operated entirely disappeared. The historic front building were developed into apartments.

By Shu factory Schreiber & Horner Wagenstedter in the street, which had nearly 200 employees, the work of many previously shoemaker has been impaired. Now one bought his shoes in the shoe business and would not make it by hand.
Later it was the teaching or the BBS of VEB Mülana.

Ernst Bernhard Claes (1839 - 1909) had been taught machinist and machine factory, founded in 1869 Claes & Flentje, for which he earned in 1870 on a large plot in the Martini suburb. Here he built a large engineering works, were produced in the knitting and shoe-sewing machines.

In 1910 the company had about 1,000 employees and made even the brand bicycles "Arrow" her. out

In the communist era as the first company with state participation, was national scale the sewing machine factory is then, since the turn mostly empty and the stately mansions on claes between Kilian ditch are still waiting for a meaningful experience.

was behind the Harwand In 1869, the metal goods factory of the brothers Franke, where locks and fittings were made. In the communist era have been here in Mövewerk 2 produced mostly bicycle and automobile parts. In 1995, the factory area "cleared".

had in 1860, the tanner Kleeberg on the cross ditch his tannery, which then extended to Morocco leather and leather factory of the brothers Kleeberg was. operated

In the communist era as blankets factory buildings are now used only in part.


1901 had let the manufacturer Binkebank Wanfrieder in the road building a colored weaving, which included the prestigious villa built in 1905.

The factory buildings were partly demolished after 1990 and developed in part for residential purposes.

The road bridge was the knitwear factory Aulepp their production building.

Many small knitting mills had developed into larger farms. So the knitting counselors in today's Thalmann road.

Mühlhausen in 1880 there were 13 Strickereifabriken with about 900 employees, of whom 650 women.

was 1898, the woolen mill at what is now Thomas Munzer Street. The worsted and woolen Mühlhäuser employed in 1910 about 1,000 employees, of which over half were women. Several
dyers and Appreturfabriken were incurred for the textile processing and as large companies in the apparel industry.

existed since 1897 in the Fountain Street the Thuringian machine and bicycle factory Walter & C0.

The 400 workers were involved in her first knitting machine and then more and more famous "gull" bikes.

The picture shows the work with the extension in 1930. In the nineties, then the whole plant was demolished.

1875 was developed in the locust street in front of the exterior of the Thuringia Frauentor Brewery by August Schmidt.

The Schmidt brewery was located before the stone path in the later Thuringiahaus. At that time there were several small breweries in the city, but were then superseded by the larger companies.

The last three breweries then disappeared after the turn and also on the grounds of the Thuringia-brewery created new single-family homes.

1894 derFabrikant Riebel had his cigar manufacturing recorded at the lower market and 1914 was his cigar factory in Eisenach road put into operation.

was here then later the tube work of C. Lawrence, which was run in the communist era as VEB tube itself again.

is here today, the district court.

was in the twenties at the turn of the military Thuringia-spinning, then in the communist era as Strikerei of VEB Mülana was extensively modernized.

The twenties were marked by a number of bankruptcies of large and small businesses. Especially in the 1922/23 period of inflation and unemployment rose enormously.


sank the Nazis then, unemployment again, because in addition to new barracks were built and reinforced arms factories.

were so camouflaged in the forest part of equipment manufacturing in the city several thousand workers employed in the production of detonators for grenades and Flack were here during the war intensified, so-called "Eastern workers" used which had been deported from Russia.

1945, then most of the large companies put under receivership and later "converted into public property".

This is also the dyeing Giebe in the blade, which then continued to run as VEB Cottana.

The bicycle factory Walter & Co in 1945 German-Soviet joint-stock company (DSAG) and now produced under Soviet leadership.

1947 the company passed back in German hands and continued as VEB Mövewerk.

In the first Years have been made here to be the popular Gull bicycles. When the operation but then to VEB IFA-Kombinat came, we switched to the production of automotive equipment. The plant was to operate behind the Harwand part 2 and the Schadeberg 1985-88 was a modern major operation.

In the nationalized industry is now struggling in the socialist competition for high performance plan, the activist movement and the struggle of the socialist brigades played a major role.

1972, the semi-public companies and large co-production of crafts in the industry vokkseigene "Converted" so that now included the entire industry, "state-owned sector."





Part of VEB-holdings has been incorporated into larger conglomerates, the more centralized planning and management better enforce.

For some companies, the improvements brought by the use of modern machines and by further improving the working and living conditions of its employees.
heard so the VEB Mülana of the largest manufacturers of knitwear in the NSW (.. non-socialist economic region ..)

The previous VEB VEB tube factory was now considered a modern microelectronics Haupbetrieb Görmarschen on the road where calculators and small computers were produced.

came after the turn but also for the 2,700 employees of Mikroelelektronik "that took off ..!



The turn of 1989 and German reunification, the end for almost all state-owned enterprises. Some were still a few months continued under the direction of the trust and then followed in most farms, the demolition excavators, as here at Cottana-heating plant.

thousands of workers became unemployed because the few start-ups of plants, only a portion of the workforce field.

was the once thriving industry in the city of the past.




course, Smiley must say that has improved over the years in Mühlhausen much .., but such large companies as in the 19th Century, will give it here with us again.

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Rash Arm Pinprick Red Dots

67) 50 years Petri School

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Petri School 50 years ... ?

Smiley already hear the loud protests from all sides .., because the Petri school had already celebrated its centenary in 1994 ..

Well ..., but this author and his family have just this school only during the first fifty years of existence enjoyed .. and also just the principle applies only to write about, where you half-way decision knows ..

At the beginning yes only once in the 14 Century built St. Peter's Church, to the well in the 16th Century, a school clerk was.
were then the suburbs, relatively little cultivated, and a suburb Petri Margarethen about 170 houses were on Blobach, today Peter Steinweg, the creative Torstraße and Bunting Road
A Compulsory education did not exist. Wealthy people sent their sons to high school in the New Road ..., but lived in the suburbs at that time anyway, only the simple people who had indeed not a full citizenship.


As Mühlhausen was then Prussia in 1802, there were both boys and for girls, even the compulsory education and in 1838 was on the corner of Peter Steinweg - Peter Pond built the old St. Peter School.
until the second half of the 19th Century, developed further and the suburbs were also in the suburbs Petri Margarethen new roads.
, with new factories, such as the leather factory and Stephan in Johannistal the metal goods factory behind the Franke Harwand and there were many new houses. The population of the city had almost tripled in 1900.

Wilhelm Busch had his picture stories once had a look at the lessons of the past.
The cane was one of the most important means to enforce discipline and order.
were in the "new" old school now, the classes for boys and girls separately, but not as staggered single-class school, but after the age of the students.
1868 was then the Petri school has its own rector.

on 09/03/1894 then the new school was opened on Petri Petri pond.
The stately building was also separated into boys and girls. The separation was then also for the playground and for the Toilettenbau. The gym was used in rotation.
1896 was then the urban cooking and domestic science school (right on the farm) was added, in which about 100 students from the city to life should be brought up as housewives.

The education was at that time the "Prussian virtues" - breeding, obedience, piety and love of country - as a target.
Only when you "served" had, one was a true-German man Dementsprchend the little boy soldiers and cannons were to play, while girls could still play with dolls and dollhouses.
were of course the "better families" ready to send their children to the "higher school", but was living in the suburbs are still mostly working class families.


The textbooks were still full of poems, ballads, etc., which the students had to learn it at home.
Besides the textbook, in which there was some edifying little story, one also had an arithmetic book .... and that was enough for now.
geography and natural history were usually discussed only in broad terms, much more important history, religion and music.
gymnastics was interesting only recently become, because it was recognized that a good soldier also needed a healthy body.
the way ... History ... it was here at that time that it was possible to list all the Prussian kings and emperors and the dates of wars and famous battles.

had around 1900 photography also enforced more and more and created the first family and class photographs.
way back then were often several classes immortalized in the photos and it was a special event when the man came to the big box.

Here is a photo of the six classes of Petri School in 1904, which was built on the school yard and see where my mother Ida Körber (Jg.97) is .. My grandparents lived at the time of Peter Steinweg and so it was logical that my mother came to St. Peter's school. The girls had so predominantly female teachers were educated in the "best" Prussian principles .. and here it was by the usual slaps and feel once the cane. As was whether or ensured hands and fingernails were clean .. and the teaching had been upright and with folded hands ... and to sit still, of course ..

was 1906, the rector of St. Peter School. Mr Rennie, after 60 years of service to retire.
An important textbook was then the Realienbuch ... a book that not everyone could afford ..

history, geography and natural science (mainly biology and physics) are offered here together.

There was even then, usually as drawings, the first pictures in the textbooks.

filed for workers' children, but it mostly when reading, writing and arithmetic could .. and if they have good grades in hard work, organization and conduct had.

On August 1, 1914, the 1st World War. Many fathers were drafted and came to the front. It did not take long and it came back the first wounded.

Besides several large hall restaurants, several schools were set up as a hospital for the wounded.
obedience and compliance cost in 1335 Mühlhäuser the lives and thousands were wounded.

In February and March 1917 all schools were closed due to lack of coal. In the last years of the war there came again and again to shortages in food supply and the school children had to go read ears and beechnuts.

also prevailed in the postwar years, yet coal and food shortages.

1919, then removed in the schools, the images of the Prussian Emperor of the classrooms and the old St. Peter School at the corner of Peter Steinweg has been extended to housing.

1914 was introduced the Sütterlin script in Prussia.

The accompanying write-read primer for the primary school "happy working in a new dress" is from 1925.

led with many colorful pictures and short stories that them-graders in the reading and writing skill. was
And the first rhymes here already ... to learn how the poem from the small hex. who came at six in the morning ..

.. or the children's song from the moon ... "Who has the most beautiful sheep .. who has the golden moon .."

.... Poems and songs that are now long forgotten ..

until recently as the mid-thirties slate and slate pencils were the most important writing instruments in the lower classes. Sponge and table cloths were then also do so.

were first featured in the classes then pens and exercise books used. The ink was there in the inkwells of school benches. The pens were

it in the small stationery shop of Mrs. Wagner, next to the school on the 15th of Peter Pond

way ..., There were the popular decals and Glaserte and Märmel. This one was playing not only on the sidewalks, but often in the playground, because so few Märmel, Glaserte or Nickelditschen included in your pocket.



Here is a photo of the Class 4a Hoepel of teachers in 1930 with my oldest brother Helmut Körber (Jg.19).

in four students in a bank and a total of 10 seats in the class, then was such a class of forty students.
course, could a picture of the Skagerrak naval battle in the class are missing ... but still there was a wreath.

The time of the Weimar Republic was characterized in Mühlhausen still the Prussian spirit. (Mühlhausen still belonged to the governmental district of Erfurt in the Prussian province of Saxony
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Na ... and uniforms and marching music still belonged to the "good" German traditions.

In the new Realienbücher there was now even more photos and also the scientific content has been improved.

Nevertheless Realienbuch was not required reading for elementary schools and only a few Students possessed such.

time were the books of Karl May and also the issues of John Penny and Rolf Kling Torring much more interesting for the boys.

What was a real Indian way had to be brave, courageous and noble ... just as a real little hero ..

came in the thirties, a new time and in the schools.

went with the Nazis, a new spirit into the classroom. Initially started with the morning prayer or "God save the leader ....", but then fell away, and thus religious schools and the religious education and the morning prayers.

fell Later, the Sütterlinschrift away and was replaced by the German standard type.

Germanism now .. got new trains, the German boy and the German girls were blond as possible (such as the ancient Germans) ...

Jewish children were no longer tolerated in the German school and had to be taught in their community.

On the hiking days, then carried the class banner, like here in 1934 and the class teacher Hoepel my brother Heinz Körber (Jg.21).

maneuver games then ever served the military training, which was then perfected in young people and the Hitler Youth.
rector of St. Peter School was then, Mr. Helmbold.

was 1934 teachers Leineweber still in civilian clothes, but later he wore as a vice-principal in the political public holidays, the brown uniform of the local group leader.

belonged to the master teachers at that time the men Moegling, Hoepel, Gottschalk, and Matthew and the women Elendt oak, gray and Leithauser.

From 1937 to 1945 I went (Jg.31) then in St. Peter's school.

We lived as from 1938 in the homes of the people of Saxony settlement and so it was rather a long way to school. Buses drove here at that time only for the workers of the construction equipment in the city forest.

in 1939, renamed St. Peter's School in Dietrich-Eckardt-school and other schools in the city were given new names ..., high school was even the "German knight school" ..
With ten years of the German boy then went to the young people where ever he was prepared to his later role as a soldier.

also the Flag Ceremony of the school had to appear in uniform.

Even my sister Liesbeth Körber (Jg.24) was then in St. Peter's school.

The girls were summarized in the League of German Girls (BDM) and should not be the early work of Faith and Beauty "in her role as" German wife and mother prepared.

had after school, the girls will serve a mandatory year, either as harvest helpers or as domestic helpers.

The sport took a major role in the classroom and out of the club was then sometimes even throwing the hand grenade throwing.

It took not long before the former pupils of the school then had to correct Peter Handgrenade throw .... the second world war began in September 1939 ..!

After school, the "Pimpfe" incorporated into the Hitler Youth (HJ) ... and were later often as anti-aircraft auxiliaries, etc. used.

Actually the young man from 18 years in the Reich Labor Service (RAD), but in war, many of the same then drafted into the Wehrmacht and sent to the front. Among the 1889 fallen Mühlhäuser, also included my two brothers.

In the last years of the war used the Petri school again as a hospital and we had to now go into the old St. Nicholas School on the grains alley, where instruction was conducted in shifts.

Often the lessons but fell out completely, because there were more and more air raids. You could hear the people now so the receiver instead of the previous Special reports mainly the enemy positions. Our teacher, Mr Matthew, had been conscripted in the last months of the war or strengthening of the Western Wall, but soon showed at the end of the war.

In April 1945, the end ..

.. the end of my school days ... and in May called for the end of World War II and the end of time, the millions of victims throughout Europe was ..

.. yet in 1945 it received the Petri school its old name back ...

.. and then returned a new time ..

.. but that's another story ...


.... Petri School 50 years ...

.. Smiley found it pretty crazy years were .. remain and that the school and its students such times hopefully spared once and for all.

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way ...,

.. the history of the schools in Mulhouse, I had already written in the No. 9 spot a small contribution ...

.. If it interests ..., just check out ...

.. and the overall view of the 67 posts so far are found in the No. 1 spot ... So at the very beginning of this series ..

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