Development of registration in Mulhouse ..,
.. Smileys opinion has to actually even before the development of the town started ..
Such was already among the Germans the Smith one of the first craftsmen, from the former home economics - where everything you need, and made himself - broke out. Most other work such as weaving and pottery, were exercised for a long time in the home or in the settlement community.
particularly in the courts and in the early monasteries were then under the enhanced division of labor, more and more specialized craftsmen.
building trade with the masons Masons, etc. had in the kingdom actually has its basis in the monastery and church buildings erected under the supervision of competent monks. The builders, however, was mainly used as forced labor of unfree lords (aristocracy or church) worked. Later there were
the site huts, in which the builder had the say and under whose direction the buildings were still marveled at the Middle Ages.
on both the country and in the city but remained far from the wood and timber construction prevalent.
With the development of cities and the free middle class, then developed in 12.-13.Jh. and the free independent craftsmen, which is also in Mulhouse soon merged with clans or guilds. Mühlhausen in 1231 received the felt-makers have the same rights as the market people .. So now they could even sell their products on the market.
Much of the rest of the artisans will also have time still belongs to the unfree serfs of the king or his servants.
During the 13th Century formed then in Mühlhausen other craft guilds.
So the weavers, tailors, tanners, shoemakers, butchers, bakers and blacksmiths.
In the guilds set the qualification of members and the quality of production.
Thus only children of Christian parents, apprentices and journeymen were then able to acquire only after several years of master and as a member of the guild are.
The guild-masters stayed on order and discipline, and the quality of products and their prices. Within the trades were then often further specialization. The result was next to the carpenters, the carpenters and joiners, and the turner, the cooper and wheelwright. In addition to the
Grobschnied, there was soon the armourer and the locksmith, and the gold and silversmith.
The weavers had soon separated in wool and linen weavers and bakers were in it the Bread and pastry cooks.
The craftsman produced either on demand or selling its products on the market, where the urban market then master the prices and weights checked.
addition to the upper and lower market existed in the city of the pottery market, the meat market and for the cloth trade, the cloth gazebo on the sub-market, but if not, the Weber, but the rich cloth makes the business. The cloth merchant soon had a monopoly for purchase and processing of wool and flax ... and for the weaving and dyeing, to selling the finished cloth.
The craftsmen worked for them on contract basis .. and the gain painted the rich Merchants one. Often Mühlhäuser cloth over the Hanseatic sold outside the country. With 188
wool weavers and linen weavers was 66, but about 1599 the mill in the city, the dominant industry. But especially the weavers have long been the poor devil among the craftsmen.
The old house in Dyer Felchtaerstraße 18 from the year 1577 were standing just above the Schwemmnotte. Later complained, however, frequently the following residents of the polluted water of the creek.
were in 1600 but also the 3 master dyer and the 5 Tuchscherer of the function of the large merchants.
The Waidjunker had long time .. Waidhandel a monopoly in which they dominated from cultivation, to processing for sale and so came to immense wealth.
With the introduction of indigo as a dye, but then later also trade back with the woad.
The carpenters belonged more to the free artisans, journeymen whose subject often from place to place to look for suitable work. The Walking journeyman
was then in many trades at a fixed ritual.
A journeyman was only slightly when he had his knowledge out there, expanded in the wide world.
1599 there were 14 rooms in the city people (that is independent Master, which then had also journeymen and apprentices)
The prevailing here the framework construction secured them work and bread.
An important branch of industry were in the Mulhouse Gerber. The 9-and-white and the 39 tanners had their homes mostly on the different streams of the city. As the sheep for their wool weaving was important, sheep and goat skins for the White Gerber were important, while the tanner the coveted cow and pig leather produced. The Gerber
houses in Kuttelgasse and the guild master house Entenbühl place still bears witness to the once important guild of the city.
The guild master was the Guild's box, where all important papers and documents, the seal and the guild fund were kept.
The guild master was also the meeting of the Masters - held, and the inclusion of new masters and the absolution of the students - the morning language.
Where much leather was produced, there were also numerous shoemakers. 47 shoemaker put the shoes usually on order. At that time was still taken measures .. and not everything .. pulled over a last! Many proverbs have survived from that period. "Stick to your last" was only one's of many.
(The bars were the different-sized wooden forms through which the Shoe was clamped and made ..)
Even the 14 master carpenter at that time most of the furniture to order and the 6 Fenstermacher often worked together with the builders of the city. The timber was the Carpenters now already out of the sawmill, but the wood was then working entirely by hand.
The turner had made a lathe with a small machine that was still driven by hand or foot.
Even the 13 potters created their product with the potter's wheel, which was driven by the feet. But the construction of the stoves at that time belonged to the work of potters.
The 20 mills were in the Middle Ages the foundation for the flourishing economy of the city. (see .. also the contribution of the mills of the city ..)
addition to the flour mills there were many different trades, such as malt, oil and pepper mills, cutting or sawing mills, blade and chain mill, and the harness polishing mill indicate trades to go where the work was already partially mechanized.
Sun then took the Krämpel and fulling mills for the production of textiles in transition from a pure craft to mechanized production.
was 1502, the "papers" Bonat from Alsace Mulhouse to come and built on Poppe Roeder Bach .. the first paper mill in the city, later Red Lion mill. in the manufacture of paper was also asked by hand, but again had several operations already mechanized and driving the pitch and mixers now took over the mill wheel.
The "mill servants" pointed up now even the transition to wage labor. They lived more often with the employer, but lived in the city.
In the 18th Century was distinguished from Mulhouse in the partial transition to the solid construction. In addition to the mason and bricklayer, it was now the Roofing. tiles were already required in the Middle Ages for the roofs and were burned in the brick front of the city and the bricks for the chimney construction were manufactured here. On
Ziegelberg, today's top green street, stood on 14 to 19 Century brick house with the lime kiln.
Until the 19th Century, the journeyman Walking to good artisan tradition. went after the acquittal after passing the teaching of the young apprentice to the "rolling". In most cities there were guild tavern of the individual craft guilds. There, spoke at the journeyman and the former shareholders there gave him a Master, where he could live and work.
addition to the Craftsman customers - a kind of walking pass - there were often more typical professional recognition awards and signs with which you are with the innkeeper, the former shareholders or the Master presented.
Opposite, an artisan from the customers still free imperial city of Mulhouse at the end of the 18th Century.
In the city there were several guild hostels, including the "file" for locksmiths and blacksmiths in today Eisenacherstraße.
Did the journeyman does not work, he could stay a night in the hostel and guild in some trades, there was even a safe-conduct for the chunk of food for the journey the next day.
Alone at the top market mid-19th century there were three guilds hostels. The "Golden Lion" for the tailors and tanners, the "Golden Sun" for the Carpenters and the "Red Bull" for the butcher and Drechsler.
Both the trainees, as well as the journeymen had then board and lodging at their master .. However, at that time was often "narrow Hans Chef" .. Logie and was often made from a simple storage in a closet or the attic. After a 10 - was 12-hour working day from Monday to Saturday, the journeymen in the week to celebrate the rare sense to. For it was then stopped on Sunday usually in the guild inn, and sometimes this resulted in a "blue Monday. "
The workshop was in the house of the craftsman, often in the wing on the farm. In the narrow streets were often living and working areas separated at all.
That was when the still numerous hand weavers in the 19 . century the bunk in the work area are not uncommon. Although could do now, the new textile manufacturers increasingly work in the textile, Krämpel and fulling mills, but in 1853 it was still 134 weavers in the city.
With the new textile factories in the second half of the 19th century in the city came, but by and by the end of the hand weaving and the weavers were now compelled to earn her living as a factory worker.
In the other trades are the effects of the new economy. With the abolition of the guilds have now found the new factory manufactures, which prevailed in the hand while still working, but this was replaced gradually by the Maschienarbeit. now one bought more clothing and linen in the new textile shops, where, however, kept the custom tailoring a long time.
For the shoemaker came a new era. New shoe factories and new shoe stores offered now, cheap shoes. from the shoemaker, the cobbler, who repaired almost only shoes.
The "apprentice" had often had often heard that teacher's were not made in years, and Mr. Schuster sometimes even acquaintance with the knee strap.
Even in the joinery changed buying behavior. The companies now put the furniture often no more on order, but on her stock for sale. had often then craftsmen a small furniture shop and the carpenter's shop was even then usually in a separate attachment.
The bakers have long been spared of this modernization. Was it in 1599 a total of 61 bakeries in the city led to the address book from 1943 is still 68 bakeries. While The bakers used their product in the market selling bread on the upper porch, they could since the beginning of the 19th Century, this runs her own shop anbieten.Auch wage bakery was long customary. The customers brought their plum cakes or cookies and the Christmas cake ready prepared to the baker, who pushed for a small cash back in the big bakers oven.
The meat was often to this day their trade. 1599 there were 86 butchers in the city, the only meat on open benches at the meat market and then in the meat market in the Upper House offered their product.
also came in the 19th Century, the first butcher shops on. was in Mulhouse but also long the house butcher at home, because many citizens were of one or more pigs in the pigsty at the back yard and the slaughtering was a popular festival for young and old.
With the abolition of the guilds were also many rules and traditions lost in the craft. End of the 19th Century, the journeyman's walking more and more out of fashion. Now the apprentice lived with his family in the town where he worked either at hand or foreman in the factory. Hostels were
guild is no longer in Christian hostels had to pay for lodging and meals. Those who had no money, was dismissed.
from the journeymen were now often Tippelbrüder and vagrants, who were traveling without hope of finding work and accommodation.
was under construction, the structural change also from the mid-19th Century. There were 1875 with 23 master mason with up to 5 employees, but already 5 farms with up to 50 employees. Here then were often also the various construction trades - such as masons, carpenters and joiners, etc. - are summarized. The working week averaged = 66 hours and the weekly earnings of the Masons 1880 was 12 marks.
time were both in town and villas built new factories, but in the new suburban streets, numerous apartment buildings for the ever increasing population.
The craft was indeed no longer the first productive force, but still played an important role in the protection of the needs derBevölkerung.
blacksmith and locksmith, masonry and carpentry, carpenters and turners, shoemakers and tailors, bakers and butchers all professions ...., .., were not to think away from daily life.
instead of the guild, it was now the chamber of trade, in which the masters were taken after trades together.
journeyman and master tests took place but still as ever.
Since the beginning of the 20th Century were also used in many trades machines with electric drive.
Since the beginning of the 20th Century were also used in many trades machines with electric drive. In the carpentry shop were the priority circular and band saw, planer and Thicknesser, shapers, drilling and grinding.
Nevertheless, the hand saw and the plane is still in demand.
1943 there were still 5 and 48 cabinet making construction in the city, but also 5 furniture factories. While common in the trades in addition to the individual production auchdie small series was, was in the furniture factories usually produced in large batches.
1943 there were still 5 and 48 cabinet making construction in the city, but also 5 furniture factories. While common in the trades in addition to the individual production auchdie small series was, was in the furniture factories usually produced in large batches.
In the communist era from 1958 were more and more artisans in PGH's (Co-production of the craft) are summarized. But especially in bakers, butchers and hairdressers remained small craft business a long time yet. In the seventies, then a large part of the PGH's in state-owned enterprise (VEB) converted.
.. In spite of everything, no jobs were lost this way, but were increased but in most cases.
With the turn they had actually gehafft to a blossoming of the trade. But for the PGH's and many small tradesmen meant the end of the market economy.
With the turn they had actually gehafft to a blossoming of the trade. But for the PGH's and many small tradesmen meant the end of the market economy. cabinet makers, locksmiths, tailors, were no longer in demand and also the small baker and butcher shops have been replaced increasingly by large companies.
brought in the construction industry the better provision of construction material and high remediation needs improvement and the car mechanic now had more work than before.
However ..., the times when the craft was still golden soil, were probably gone forever ..
In the tax collector street in the tanner Stölker still has his workshop.
In the tax collector street in the tanner Stölker still has his workshop. He is the last Gerber far and wide ..
will die out with him then us in another industry, which has previously helped our city prosper.
The variety of Products that protects the craft earlier, was replaced by the variety of offerings in the major markets and by mail order.
The little craftsman's there today no longer in demand.
shows a list of the old guild emblem, the diversity of the former trades and guilds in the craft ..
shows a list of the old guild emblem, the diversity of the former trades and guilds in the craft .. A variety that is there so never again ..
were many cases the old tools of their trades, which adorned the profession of arms. But also those like the pretzel at the bakery, showed to the customer to which guild you belong, because often the guild signs for as forged figurehead the house of the craftsman.
were many cases the old tools of their trades, which adorned the profession of arms. But also those like the pretzel at the bakery, showed to the customer to which guild you belong, because often the guild signs for as forged figurehead the house of the craftsman.
.. yes .. yes .. even some old expressions we owe to the craft time .. a boorish man .. was actually a man who had his "journeyman ordination" not received .., because after the acquittal by the guild master, was the Bachelor "ground" for the time of the other fellows and "planed", where there was often bruised.
With a hearty fellows then drink the shot was poured into the Brotherhood.
